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the left image is a scene of a blue box aligned next to the x and z axis borders.

the right image is a scene of the blue box after translating to the right. it has moved away from the z axis border, but is still aligned to the x axis border. the code used is as follows:

line98: translate <1.0, 0.0, 0.0>

this line is used in the box object. the values enclosed with the angle brackets represent the xyz coordinates. in this case, the blue box has moved 1.0 to the right along the x axis, but did not move upwards or forwards along the y and z axes.

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the left image is a scene of a blue box. it has been located away from the starting point to better understand rotation.

the right image is a scene of the blue box after rotation. the code used is as follows:

line98: rotate <0.0, -33.0, 0.0>

this line is used in the box object. the values enclosed with the angle brackets represent the angle of rotation in degrees around the xyz axes respectively. a positive value rotates clockwise where as a negative value rotates counter clockwise. therefore, the blue box has rotated 33 degrees counter clockwise around the y axis. the edge of the box touching the x axis border in the left image is aligned with the starting point and is still aligned to the starting point after the rotation in the right image. this is because objects actually rotate around the starting point instead of around the center of the object itself.

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the left image is a scene of a blue box aligned next to the x and z axis borders.

the right image is a scene of the blue box after scaling. the code used is as follows:

line98: scale <0.5, 0.5, 0.5>

this line is used in the box object. the values enclosed with the angle brackets represent the scaling of the xyz axes respectively. a value of 1.0 means 100% of the object, which is no scaling. values less than 1.0 shrinks the object while values more than 1.0 enlarges the object. therefore, the blue box is uniformly shrunk to 50% its original size. the edge of the box touching the y axis of the starting point remains touching it after the scaling. this is because objects actually scale based on the starting point instead of based on the center of the object itself, similar to a projector, which is the starting point, and the projection, which is the enlarged object.